Retinal hemorrhage was present in a smaller number of animals. Optic nerve sheath and ciliary body hemorrhages were common in piglets that experienced a single, rapid head rotation. Rapid axial head rotations resulted in a higher incidence of intraocular hemorrhage than coronal or sagittal head rotations, but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P=0.06). Hemorrhages were also found in the anterior chamber (11%), vitreous (5%), and optic nerve (disc, 8% nerve sheath, 57%). Intraocular hemorrhage was primarily located near the vitreous base (70% of injured animals had ciliary body hemorrhage, and 11% had peripheral retinal hemorrhage). Ocular hemorrhage was found in 73% of animals (51% bilateral). Six hours after injury, the animals were euthanatized and perfusion fixed, and the brain and eyes were harvested for gross and histopathologic examination by masked neuro- and ocular pathologists.
Three- to 5-day-old anesthetized piglets (n=51) underwent a single, rapid (117-266 rad/s) head rotation in the sagittal (n=13), coronal (n=7), or axial (n=31) planes. To characterize ocular hemorrhages from single, rapid head rotations in the neonatal pig. In short: how do designers and engineers collaborate to create a total ride experience that is both thrilling and safe? This paper will investigate: basic roller coaster design considerations, G-forces and the relationship between track elements and the forces experienced by riders, the physics concepts underlying various roller coaster elements (including the electricity and magnetism concepts of LSM launch systems, the energetics of vertical loops, and the kinematics of banked turns), and lastly the effect non-physical design elements have on rider perception. The goal of this paper is to explore the connections between physics, engineering, and perception through a designer's perspective. The engineering underlying these modern marvels is highly precise, requiring not only knowledge of concepts from across physics, but an intuition about how each element of a roller coaster will impact the rider.
Their complicated twists, turns, and drops create a feeling of euphoria that prompts riders to stand in line for hours at a time. For millions of people around the world, roller coasters are a heart-pounding, adrenaline-boosting amusement park staple, providing a high level of thrill in a safe and controlled environment.
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